Does Technology Make a Difference? Essay

In Port Jackson, the main British province of New South Wales showed up. At the point when the province showed up in January 1788, they went over Aboriginal individuals who were known to angle around Port Jackson. Starting today, there is supposed to be more than 580 species that live in the waters around Port Jackson. The Aboriginal individuals had been angling in these zones sufficiently long to make fish a piece of their eating routine. At the point when the British carried their province to Port Jackson, they figured out how to likewise make fish some portion of their eating routine. Native individuals utilized the assets around them to make gear and transportation to angle. They made lances for individuals who might angle from the shore, and made little kayaks and fishhooks out of shells for the individuals who needed the test of getting greater fish. At the point when the British perceived how these individuals would get their food, they brought over fishhooks made of metal, nets and pontoons that were a lot bigger than the kayaks. Presenting new and better innovation in a situation is rarely simple. This article examines the significant issues to comprehend, the great and the awful of innovation. Acquainting another innovation with a more established technique made the matter of angling blast, which was useful for the two sides. With the British getting their strategies carried more fish for the individuals to eat, with the expansion of what the Aboriginals would get toward the day's end. Likewise having the new innovation, there was a more extensive assortment of new fish that couldn’t be gotten with the old techniques. It additionally helped the Aboriginals convert to utilizing the techniques that the British utilized in the wake of perceiving the amount more fish they could get in a day. Be that as it may, such as everything new to individuals, it caused the Aboriginals sort of abandon their strategies as far as possible, just to stay aware of the British. Sooner or later the Aboriginals would begin chipping away at the British pontoons to procure a level of the fish they would all catch every day. The British would likewise exchange a portion of the fish they had gotten for hardware from the Aboriginals. What's more, following two or three years of mass angling, the two gatherings would fall into the issue of overfishing and contamination from business fisheries. Overall, I thought this entire article was intriguing to me, however there was a couple of things that stood out more than others. It is mind blowing to hear that simply alone, Port Jackson has more than 580 species. I generally realized that there is many various types of fish, however to imagine that there is more than 580 at Port Jackson and afterward consider how we can’t swim to the base of the sea to find what lives possibly down there makes you wonder if any of the legends we’ve heard as youngsters could be valid. There could be a wide range of progenitors of fish or other living things where it counts there; they may have survived old history. The other intriguing thing I read was pretty much all the fish bones. I realize that when things pass on they abandon bones, yet to consider fish bones enduring that long is insane. At the point when we cook angle and eat them, you see their bones and how little and delicate they are, and to imagine that some fish bones ca n keep going for a huge number of years it’s astounding. Despite the fact that I thought this article was fascinating, there were a couple of things that were somewhat hard for me while perusing. I truly appreciate finding out about the methods of archeologists and anthropologists, yet when I read articles like this I make some hard memories following what the writer is stating a direct result of the entirety of the strange, logical names they provide for fish, creatures or even individuals. I realize that it is exactly how things are named in the science world, I’m just curious about all the terms yet, thus I get befuddled in some cases. Additionally I get confused relentless about how they discovered such a great amount of data about a specific thing when we didn’t live in those days. I think it is astonishing how they find such a great amount of data from something so little, similar to a fish bone, and yet its awesome in light of the fact that dislike bones, rocks, trees, or different things that they study accompany dire ctions. Also, I think these things are the explanation I am so intrigued with this profession. For paleohistory, this is a significant article to clarify that what they do is significant. Paleontology to me is a significant piece of our lives. On the off chance that it wasn’t from them, I wouldn’t have had the option to take in things about our past from this article. We find out such a great amount about our pasts and that causes us with our future in view of the investigations that archeologists do, as in the article. It’s in light of them that we can realize that the Aboriginal individuals need to change over to another strategy for innovation due to the British. It likewise causes us comprehend what the living resembled at Port Jackson during that timeframe, which additionally comprehends what kind of plants and creatures and fish lived during that time. Which has a final product to help clarify the change how the fish we think about today are distinctive somehow or another from the past fish, however realize that today’s fish originated from th e past. It’s something very similar with people, they examine and do trial of human stays from a large number of years to show signs of improvement comprehend of where we originated from, and what we used to resemble or how we went to the highlights that we have today. All in all, this article has given me a ton of new data that encourages me comprehend our pasts somewhat better. Simultaneously, it additionally causes you open your eyes somewhat more on the grounds that in today’s world, we have innovation change constantly and we are only all so use to it that we don’t truly perceive the amount it truly transforms us or even how it impacts every one of us. Harking back to the 1780’s I comprehend and acknowledge how alarming change can be for individuals or settlements. It would be quite terrifying for a province to move to a spot you’ve lived and bring these new techniques that help and hurt your way of life simultaneously. Also, today we don’t as a rule have those emotions or stresses since we are so use to change that we demonstration like it’s nothing. It is additionally astonishing how we can take a gander at ancient rarities or bones from an earlier time, similar to fish and we realize what sort of fish they are and quite a while in the past they had kicked the bucket. Perusing articles like this simply is stunning to me since you generally wonder how we got to where we are today, or where did we really originate from and for what reason do we have comparable highlights from a lot of various warm blooded animals.

Key Symbol – Statue of Liberty

Lazarus recorded on her base, â€Å"Give me your drained, your poor, Your crouched masses longing to inhale free, The pathetic reject of your overflowing shore. Send these, the destitute, storm tots to me, I lift my light next to the brilliant entryway! (Lazarus)† For in these words a key image of American pride turned into that which entices to all who wish for additional, for better, and for freedom from that which mistreats them. For Americans, the Statue of Liberty is a key image recognizing freedom and opportunity. She worries about the Insurmountable concern of being the image for America's cantonal pride through Its accomplishments.Originally named â€Å"Liberty Enlightening the World†, the sculpture was built as an Icon observing America's triumphs over difficulty. This was apparent at the sculpture's Inauguration In 1886. Before a horde of thousands and President Grover Cleveland, the American individuals heightened † nearly immediately†¦ † Tha t the sculpture â€Å"†¦ Was broadly viewed as an image of the country. † (Scorcher Arts and Entertainment) The individuals momentarily acknowledged this grand masterpiece as an image of their capacity and strength.Furthermore, the eye imagery can be felt through the feelings evoked through the understanding of her â€Å"no-nonsense† facial disposition seen through each one of the individuals who view. This is a delegate of solidarity and resolve in the individuals of America. This is affirmed by crafted by the stone worker Birthday, and his smooth depiction in the nuances of articulation, â€Å"Liberty genuine air underscores the Idea that freedom Itself includes some significant pitfalls and must not be trifled with. † (Scorcher Arts and Entertainment) â€Å"Finally, nearly secured by the drapery, Liberty left foot, which hardly any watchers et to see, tracks upon the wrecked shackles of tyranny.The retreating position of her correct leg makes the sculpt ure, when seen from the south, appear to walk ahead to reveal her insight before her. † (Scorcher Arts and Entertainment) Americans feel emphatically about Lady Liberty and understand that having their individual flexibility accompanies cost, commonly paid for in human lives and different penances, however through everything as a country of decided individuals, they will keep on breaking the shackles of oppression and step forward more grounded than before.Furthermore, as a blessing room France to the individuals of the US to stamp the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence, the Statue of Liberty was given to perceive America for Its achievements and tribulations In Just one hundred brief long periods of history. This key image was given to pay tribute to the achievements the recently Torment loosen states Ana experienced since ten selling AT ten Declaration AT Independence: a Civil War and reproduction of a country, the defeating of bondage, the passing of an incredible pioneer, and a transformation similar to the one encountered by theFrench. The individuals of France viewed the United States as being triumphant over all chances and as yet staying a solid autonomous country; and from this, the Statue of Liberty as an image of national pride was conceived. The imagery found in the Statue of Liberty isn't restrictive to Just the individuals of America. Its portrayal of freedom and opportunity is known all through the world to those looking for safe harbor inside her outskirts. The sculpture speaks to opportunity, freedom for those outsiders that are looking for a chance and another life.Immigrants re motivated to look for asylum in the United States through shared stories of how Lady Liberty remains at the entryway to this new life, and allures them in with her huge light of light. The enthusiastic recognition and symbolism is extreme to such an extent that incalculable foreigners have been constrained to sell for all intents and purposes the entirety of their common belongings, pack into ships like groups of steers and make dubious Journeys across turbulent oceans. The imagery is additionally fortified by those that have finished the Journey, as they share their stories of Lady Liberty with those spirits looking for motivation. For some the iris memory was the ‘lady with the light'. † (Brownstone) A basic impression can invoke a practically strict charm. It was normal for travelers to sob or implore with appreciation after observing her verdigris face in the harbor. This is set apart by the record of one foreigner, Celia Ripens as she reviews, â€Å"l saw the Statue of Liberty. What's more, we as a whole ran out and I implored in light of the fact that I heard such a great amount in Poland about it-the Statue of Liberty. (Brownstone) Moreover, another migrant was appeared by her uncle the Statue of Liberty, and she takes note of that â€Å"That I will always remember. (Brownstone) Countless travelers on foreigner boats, numerous with their bodies wracked by disease and horrendous nausea, would surge up to the thickly jam-packed decks, overflowing with individuals to observe their first sight of the Statue of Liberty; an image broadcasted by the moving people groups as their symbol for progress and recently managed chances in another land.Embodied in work of art, and held as an esteemed symbol, Lady Liberty has showed up in incalculable renderings on American cash. The picture of freedom has been seen on coins, Liberty Loan Bonds, and various dedicatory coins. Her picture works up the feelings that individuals identify with opportunity and achievement, that her picture has been charmed to money related opportunities too. Freedom stands tall on a Liberty Loan Bond, gave during World War I to help support the economy. Her resemblance and pictures have graced the new dollar coins, giving an impression indeed of triumph over adversity.As a key image not exclusively to her country, ho wever to her home territory of New York, her particular shape graces the little space of the US State Quarter, and after the occasions of September 1, 2001 her picture has been appeared on memorial coins as image of triumph and solidarity over affliction against her country. Woman Liberty isn't just a key image, she is a gem, having been spoken to in mediums from the copper of her casing to the interpretations of numerous specialists who charm her increasingly more in their works.She is really a key image to the country's kin. As one AT ten most unmistakable images AT American Justice Ana Treetop, Lay Liberty stands tall typifying Americans with national pride, just as a characteristic feeling of individual pride. The sculpture keeps on fortifying the American people groups' unravel in their seasons of misfortune. This quality keeps on sustaining through the narratives and coinage went from one age to the next.The stories of the innumerable individuals that defeated unbelievable cha nces to just go before the woman with the light, Liberty Enlightening the World is an update that Americans are those individuals. Americans are the worn out, poor people, and the clustered masses that longed to inhale free. However, through everything America suffers, as a country the individuals of the United States keep on drawing on and discover asylum in the solace and solidarity of his national key image, not to just guide them, yet to fill in as a token of their quality.

Scholarship Essay Samples

Scholarship Essay SamplesThere are many different types of essay samples that can be used for graduate school applications. Many of these sample essays have been written by professors who have experience with graduate school students. As you begin your search for essay samples, you may also find them online, which will give you more freedom in finding the best examples.When it comes to applying for graduate school, many students think that this is an intimidating task because they have never applied for a scholarship before. However, applying for scholarships is actually very easy if you have the right information on hand. You do not have to feel alone in your need to apply for a scholarship. As long as you know what you are looking for and the process you need to go through, you should be able to get in with any scholarship.The best essay samples for graduate school are those that are designed by people who have gone through the process. They understand how difficult it can be to pa y for college and this helps to prepare them for what they need to do to win a scholarship. In addition, you will want to be sure that your essay is factual in nature.Once you have found the best essay samples for graduate school, you must also determine the type of essay that you want to write. This will help you decide which topic to choose and whether or not you need to have any previous experience writing. For example, if you are applying for a scholarship to write a journal article, then you will need to write one. However, if you are applying for a grant to write a research paper, then you will only need to write a research paper.It is imperative that you spend some time in researching the best possible topics to use when you are applying for graduate school. You should also keep in mind that graduate school applications require a lot of research, so you will need to write a thorough essay. Writing a research paper is going to take a lot of time, so you will need to plan accor dingly.If you are a first time student, then you should definitely do some research on the types of resources that are available to you. This includes looking at websites that offer advice for students in preparing for their admissions test. This is a great way to get a head start on the process.Before you submit your application, you should know that there are a few things that must be completed when you are submitting your request for a grant. You should be prepared for your application to be reviewed by several different departments before your application is approved. This is usually done in groups, so it is important that you get the help you need before you submit your application.When you are preparing for your application, it is important to include all of your work experience. This will allow you to show the reviewer that you have already had experience with the topics that you are submitting for consideration. The best scholarship essay samples for graduate school are thos e that are properly researched and that have had experience with the type of grant that you are applying for. After reviewing these samples, you should have no problem writing a wonderful academic essay.

Swot Analysis Of Marriott Group International - 1902 Words

SWOT Analysis of The Marriott Group International Overview Marriott Group International is a well-known global brand in the hospitality sector. This hospitality group has more than 3,900 properties, and 18 brands and associates spread across the world. The company, head was founded more than 80 years ago by J. Willard and Alice Marriott while the Marriott family has continued to guide the group. The company has its headquarters in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. In the fiscal year 2013, the group’s reported revenues were $13 billion. The group was founded in 1927, and for nearly 60 years, the group has been guided by the vision of J.W. â€Å"Bill† Marriott, Jr., a pioneer of modern-day hospitality. It was his vision that led to the successful growth of Marriott into one of the most successful and respected companies of the world that Marriott is today. Currently, the company is led by its CEO Arne Sorenson (Marriott 2013 Annual Report). Beginning of the Marriott Group The history of Marriott is traced to May of 1927, with a nine seat AW Root Beer stand in Washington DC by John Willard (Bill) Marriott. The Marriott Root Beer stand evolved into a family restaurant chain called Hot Shoppes, which in 1937 expanded into in-flight airline catering (Hartman Werhane, 2013: 249). Mission An organization’s mission statement outlines its core purpose. The stated mission of the Marriott hotel group is to â€Å"Make people away from home feel that they are among friends and are really wanted. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay Marriot vs Hyatt1744 Words   |  7 Pages Mission, Vision, Social Responsibility, Strategic Planning: Marriott and Hyatt Lori Scholl University of Maryland, University College Business Management 364, Section 4015 May 24, 2012 I. Mission and Vision Statements Mission Statement Organizing the direction of a business or corporation is essential because it can increase profitability and provide broad guidelines for how to accomplish the organization goals. This is where a mission statement becomes useful. A mission statementRead MoreMarriott International1732 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Marriott International: A closer look Marriott International was founded on May 15, 1927 by J. Willard Marriott in Washington D.C. It started out as a root beer stand which grew into a chain of restaurants and hotels (Marriott International Inc., 2013). Now Marriott International has around 3,150 properties for lodging in the United States and 67 in other countries (Marriott International Inc, 2012). The Executive Chairman is Bill Marriott and the President and CEO is Arne Sorenson.Read MoreStrategy Communication Marriott International4799 Words   |  20 PagesStrategy and Communication Case company: Marriott International Theme: : Strategy and Communication Osiris code : EHM3.SC-02 Theme expert: : Dr. Community expert : Dr. Student name : Student id : Date : 12-12-2011 Abstract The aim of this academic report is to develop a critical view of strategy and organizational structures, understand how to conduct a situation analysis, understand how to develop a strategic direction, understand formulating a strategy, understand theRead MoreStrategic Management - Case Study Marriott International3852 Words   |  16 Pages- Case Study Marriott International Introduction The report focuses on Marriott International putting strategic management at the center core of analysis and discussion that allows Marriott strengths and weaknesses to be known and be evaluated according to such SWOT related strategies, CPM, EFE, IE matrix and many other important points for strategic management recognition of Marriott International. 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With a downturn in the gaming industry translating into sluggish results in Hilton’s gaming segment, the company spun off its gaming interests as Park Place Entertainment. In 1999 Hilton made a massiveRead MoreMarriott1772 Words   |  8 PagesGROUP 2137 YEKATERINA POLYNCHUK ULIANA KOSTIEVA YULIIA KRYVONOS MARKETING STRATEGY PLAN FOR MARRIOTT U.S.A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Marriott USA is a leader in the global lodging industry in that area. With numerous properties in USA and countless achievement awards, they are not only a wellknown but also a well-liked brand. 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Its mission is to provide the best possible lodging services experience to customers who vary in backgrounds, language, tradition, religion and cultures all around the world. Marriot is committed to environmental preservation through using environment-friendly technology and engages in social responsibility and community engagement.   We value our shareholder’s so we will only take steps that will ensureRead MorePetsmart Analysis5575 Words   |  23 PagesA Financial Ratio Quarterly Trend Analysis of Petsmart, Inc. Stock symbol: PETM Listed on the Nasdaq Prepared for: In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course: By: 1.0 Introduction This report provides a financial quarterly trend analysis for Petsmart, Inc. The U.S.-based company, together with its subsidiaries, operates as a specialty retailer of products, services, and solutions for pets in North America. The company offers consumables, which include pet food

The Role Of Personality And The Neo Personality Inventory...

Up until the 1980’s, measurements, interpretations and descriptions of personality were not entirely structured or simple, though around this time researchers within the field of psychology came to an agreement that personality actually can be simplified. Now the plurality of researchers believe that personality can be summarized into five dominate traits, being extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness, all constituting the Five Factor Model. However, before a consensus flourished among researchers and they began to rely on the Five Factor Model, personality psychologists Paul Costa and Robert McCrae developed the NEO-Personality Inventory which features and focuses on the stated five traits. Today, descriptions of the traits represented by the Five Factor Model vary only slightly when it comes to researchers, yet and luckily, factor analytic techniques, which are in contrast to mathematical procedures, continue to support the conv iction that the Five Factor Model is scrupulous. Developing the Five Factor Model was not simple, yet one psychologist, Raymond B. Cattell who was a key figure within the field of psychometrics, did indirectly help with the process. Like Cattell, Costa and McCrae used the inductive method and questionairs to gather relevant data, however in contrast to Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire, the NEO-Personality Inventory of Costa and McCrae focuses on only five traits. 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In addition, some of the less desirable aspects of personality testing will also be examined. There is some disagreement among psychologist on the use of personality tests, specifically the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which will also be discussed. Additional information, as it pertainsRead MoreThe Five Factor Model Of Personality853 Words   |  4 PagesAn analysis of the five factor model of personality Many contemporary psychologists believe that there are five basic dimensions of personality and refer to them as the ‘Big Five’. The five-factor model (FFM) of personality is a theory based on five core categories of human personality – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. While different theorists may use different terminology, the five factors or personality traits have shown a rather consistent pattern overRead MoreEvaluation Of An Introverted Intuitive Feeling Perceiving ( Infp )1597 Words   |  7 Pagesflexible, and accepting. 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For example, mixed idea of EI (emotional states) with personality and behavioural traits (consciousness, adaptability, trustworthiness). Goleman’s model is measured by Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI); designed for workplaces, schools and universities. The ECI is a 360-degree instrument, meaning other individuals evaluation the personsRead MoreAbstract . The Current Paper Presents A Critica l Analysis1802 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The current paper presents a critical analysis of the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), as it will be utilized by practitioners of Industrial Organizational Psychologists, based on the scholarly reviews from the Mental Measurements Yearbook. A description of the standardization sample and presentation of validity and reliability evidence of the HPI and the applications of HPI is included. The pros and cons of using the HPI as a practitioner of I-O Psychology are explored. The qualityRead MoreOpenness in Personality10561 Words   |  43 PagesThere have been different theoretical perspectives in the field of personality psychology over the years including human motivation, the whole person, and individual differences. The Big Five falls under the perspective of individual differences. In contemporary psychology, the Big Five factors (or Five Factor Model; FFM) of personality are five broad domains or dimensions of personality that are used to describe human personality. Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual

Imagery in Chopin’s Storm and John Steinbecks The...

Use of Imagery in Chopin’s Storm and Steinbeck’s Chrysanthemums A pattern of repeated words or phrases can have a significant impact in conveying a particular impression about a character or situation, or the theme of a story. In the story The Storm, by Kate Chopin, and The Chrysanthemums, by John Steinbeck, imagery is an integral element in the development of the characters and situation, as well as the development of theme. In the story The Storm, Kate Chopin uses imagery throughout as a powerful instrument to convey the new sexual feelings that Calixta and Alcee are experiencing. In this story, words such as thrust beneath the crack, and her lips were as red and moist as pomegranate seed are very good uses of†¦show more content†¦The theme of this story seems to be that when Calixta and Alcee had sex and cheated on their marriages, it made their marriages happier, so the storm passed and everyone was happy(Chopin 150). Alcee wrote to his wife the night he cheated on her, it was a loving letter, full of tender solicitude(150). And after having an affair, the character Alcee seems to care more about his wife and baby, realizing that their health and pleasure were the first things to be considered(Chopin 150). He seems to care more about his wife and baby after he cheats on his wife because of the word realizing. It gives the meaning that he just figured out that their health and pleasure were th e first things to be considered. Calixta and Bobinot, as well as Bibi are shown to be very happy and full of laughter after she cheats on Bobinot, when the three seated themselves at table they laughed much and so loud that anyone might have heard them as far away as Laballieres(Chopin 149). In the story The Chrysanthemums, by John Steinbeck, imagery is important in the development of his characters. The man who drives the wagon and fixes things is a perfect example of imagery. His worn black suit was wrinkled and spotted with grease. The laughter had disappeared from his face and eyes the moment his laughing voice ceased. His eyes were dark, and they were full of theShow MoreRelated`` The Chrysanthemums `` By Kate Chopin1359 Words   |  6 Pageshave certainly changed. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† and John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, both written approximately during the 19th century, the characters of both stories depict unfaithfulness in their marriages. Through the use of the plot, imagery, and the 19th century time period, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† and â€Å"The Storm† depict a revolutionary era in which women not accept their sexual desires but act on it. In â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, Steinbeck’s use of imagery paints his female character, Elisa

Change and Adaptation free essay sample

In the fast mechanical world of today, change is inevitable. In fact your success and failure itself may depend on the changes you face, and your adaptability to those changes. Be it your personal life or professional life, you must be constantly aware of the changes around you and accordingly change yourself. As technology changes with time, it brings benefits to mankind. Newer methods of farming, education, entertainment etc., are brought into use, which either replace or enhance the existing ones. Often such changes are sequential; like a change in one field would affect all related fields. It is no doubt that these changes are always directed towards the improvement of our life. However, in adapting to newer trends, we have to abandon older and more traditional ways. In so adapting, we may sometimes even have to compromise on our cultural or religious values too. For instance, a person’s job might not facilitate his attending the Sunday mass, because the showroom he works for is open on Sundays. We will write a custom essay sample on Change and Adaptation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The way one needs to be dressed, speak or act; need to conform to the requirements of his or her employers, above all others. Perhaps, in this shrinking and competitive world of today, it is very important for organizations to be responsive to the changes. Change is a permanent reality across time. The world is changing at an unprecedented pace, as never before witnessed. The factors necessary for changes are more prevalent and influential today than ever before. Even most manufacturing jobs are connected to services like finance, human resources and engineering and highly dependent in such services that changes in them would affect the manufacturing pattern. Change in an organization involves altering its structure, processes, the behaviour of its management and staff, its strategy, environment etc. Change management requires good planning and careful implementation; and can be effective only when it involves all those people who are to be affected by those changes. The changes targeted must be practical, attainable and evaluative. It should not be forcefully implemented on people, as dumping change on people is not only a wrong strategy for success, but also a disruptive factor of normal functioning. Thus change of technology or introduction of new technology into the work cycle, create certain demands to redesign the work process and work environment. Nowadays, with changes and adaptation to it, being very crucial; the ability to predict changes and acting accordingly is very important.

Contemporary Planning Theory The Shift to Inclusion

City planners are guided by the principle of non discrimination in their policy formulation and planning endeavors. In their efforts, they endeavor to provide level play ground on which equal opportunities are availed or awarded to individuals in society. The local agencies that plan for society focus on the general welfare of the whole society. Although they may consider the interests of different community groups, the planners harmonize all into one plan that is supposed to serve all.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Contemporary Planning Theory: The Shift to Inclusion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the key contentions Davidoff raised against this kind of approach is that, non discrimination does not negate need for equity. Davidoff believed that the future of society was of urban nature. In the urban society, only planners would help towards equity in society. However, the movement towards equity based planning would require planning moving from notion of mere tacticians to embrace value seeking schemas or operations[1]. Value based planning involves looking into the future and appropriating current plans to befit or ensure better living conditions in that future. Equitable treatment is different from equality based treatment. Equity requires that we go beyond treating all elements or people equally to consider the element of fairness. According to Davidoff, different sections of people in a society have different particular needs. These needs cannot be fully taken care of if one plan is adopted for all. Therefore, he advocated for the development of plans to cater for the special needs of each group. He observed that the upper class members of society had the financial resources to literary buy or force towards their interests. The wealthy either use their economic muscle to find their way into the planning boards or to influence the planners. In actual sense, the planners hail from the upper class or middle class and may not fully appreciate the concerns of the lower class member. Politics is about interests thus politicians or local politics is ideally expected to champion for local causes. However, as Davidoff points out, local politics is generally compromised and cannot adequately champion the interests of the weak[2]. Given politics has failed in providing a good participatory platform that would encourage pluralistic planning, hope turns to the different interest groups e.g. human rights activists in community. These groups have great potential of encouraging individual citizen’s participation in planning. The involvement of the wider community in planning makes planning more comprehensive than what planning commissions can achieve[3].Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Davidoff, professional planners who act as te chnicians have not helped the situation. This is because they develop ways of sustaining the status quo rather than channeling efforts towards more viable socio-economic conditions for future generations[4]. To champion for the interests of the weak and helpless poor people, Davidoff suggested that different planners become their advocates[5]. Individual planners should produce plans that represent the views of the groups they represent. Once each planner produces his or her plan, a local planning commission weighs the different plans and, based on their strengths, maps out the most effective plan. According to Davidoff, such a plan arrived at due to considering competing views presented by planners representing the interest groups, is more comprehensive than one done abstractly by officers in their offices[6]. Therefore, representation and advocacy is a big plus towards developing good plans. For planners to contribute more meaningfully towards a pluralistic planning process, David off recommends that the scope of planners’ education be broadened. The broadened scope of education is to enable planners learn how to play the coordination role demanded of them in a pluralistic planning process[7]. The kind of education the planners get should reflect the diversity in the organization. Rahder in her article articulates how a participative approach to planning can help improve livelihoods of individuals. In tandem with Davidoff’s recommended approach to planning, Rahder presents a project that focused on helping a particular interest group access services. Rahder points out that participative planning is the way to go and must incorporate both social and physical issues in to one composite plan[8]. Advocacy planning no longer merely focuses on representation of divergent views but providing a link through which differences in community can be addressed[9]. The planning process has to â€Å"acknowledge and celebrate differences†[10]. Giving the example of the four shelter project, Rahder illustrates how participative program can be engaged and the benefits that accrue from the same. Just like Davidoff suggested or recommended, the planers in the participatory model involved in the project required more than just technical knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Contemporary Planning Theory: The Shift to Inclusion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The project team had to reflect the diversity and experiences of the women they had to work with[11]. This was important so as to facilitate proper understanding of the dynamics informing their situation. Due to the nature of the work, training was an essential part of the whole consultative exercise[12]. Umemeto and Igarashi discuss the idea of deliberative or communicative planning. Deliberative or communicative planning is based on the idea that proper communication based on respect for each other an d engagement of community in discourse on plan issues leads to better plans[13]. The approach is further pegged on the belief that exchange of ideas is instrumental towards better understanding of issues that inform planning. Apart from dialogue helping towards better understanding of issues, it also helps individuals to transcend their relativist or selfish positions or ideas on planning[14]. The idea of communicative planning or deliberative planning correctly captures Davidoff’s thoughts about planning. Planning should capture the real needs of all people rather than serving selfish ends. It is only through engagement in a form of dialogue or exchange that community is enabled to participate. How to engage community so as to respond adequately and realistically to each group’s interests or needs is the big challenge. As a drawing line, ethnicity plays an important role in framing pluralism planning dialogue. Ethnicity is a good consideration when theorizing about de liberative planning because it plays an important role in defining society. People are generally grouped and even associate based on some form of ethnicity[15]. Further, even within ethnic spheres, there are variations that have to be put into consideration. Despite the acknowledgement of differences, effort has to be made to ensure neutrality and mutual respect is exercised by all participating in the deliberative process. Openness and clear communication are important for success of the process[16]. Deliberative planning is worthwhile but as the case of foreigner’s assembly at Kawasaki in Japan shows, more care has to be taken[17]. Just as Davidoff related about the inability of politicians to represent their people properly, due to power games and the might having their way, the deliberative planning process is often compromised by behind the scenes power games.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before starting a deliberative process, therefore, it is important that all members are well prepared for the same. The socio-ethnic powers likely to affect the process have to be ironed out[18]. Further, political and structural issues have to be looked into to ensure the institutions and politicians do not scuttle the deliberation process[19]. Despite the challenges or pitfalls of deliberative or communicative planning, the prospects for its application in the future are high. In tandem with Davidoff’s recommendations, proper preparations are critical to the success of any participatory or inclusive approach to planning. From the case study, Umemoto and Igarashi established that the benefits of a deliberative process are substantial[20]. The process critically helps towards consensus building among stakeholders. Further, it also helps reawaken the otherwise disfranchised individuals, to the reality that their views or opinions are important and are worthy voicing. However, for the efficacy of the deliberative processes to be improved, more concern has to go towards appreciating and improving its heuristic structure[21]. In concluding remarks, the two scholars acknowledge that theorists have to be aware of contextual limitations to their perceptions. This call parallels Davidoff’s call for broadening the knowledge of planners or planning theorists. It is only through broad knowledge acquisitions that planners will be able to respond to different contexts appropriately. Bibliography Davidoff, Paul. â€Å"Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning† Journal of the American Institute of Planners31 (1965): 331-432 Rahder, Loevinger, Barbara. â€Å"Victims No Longer: Participatory Planning with a Diversity of Women at Risk of Abuse†. Journal of Planning Education and Research 18 (1999): 221- 230 Umemoto, Karen, and Igarashi, Hiroki. â€Å"Deliberative Planning in a Multicultural Milieu.† Journal of Planning Education and Research29 (2009) : 39- 49 Footnotes . Paul, Davidoff. â€Å"Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning† Journal of the American Institute of Planners (1965): 424 . Ibid., p. 426 . Ibid., p. 427 . Ibid., p.430 . Ibid., p. 426 . Ibid., p. 423 . Ibid., p. 431 . Barbara Loevinger Rahder. â€Å"Victims No Longer: Participatory Planning with a Diversity of Women at Risk of Abuse.† Journal of Planning Education and Research18 (1999): 222 Ibid., p. 223 Idem Ibid., p. 225 . Ibid., p. 229 . Karen, Umemoto and Igarashi, Hiroki. â€Å"Deliberative Planning in a Multicultural Milieu†. Journal of Planning Education and Research29 (2009):39 . Idem . Ibid., p. 40 . Ibid., p. 41 . Ibid., p. 43 . Ibid., p.45 . Ibid., p. 47 . Ibid., p. 49 This term paper on Contemporary Planning Theory: The Shift to Inclusion was written and submitted by user Neil U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Elements of Research and Clinical Formulation milestone 2 Ess

Critical Elements of Research and Clinical Formulation milestone 2 Ess Critical Elements of Research and Clinical Formulation February 10,2019 Critical Elements of Research and Clinical Formulation In order to understand Ms. Z's results of the MMPI-2 and WAIS-IV we need to obtain a theoretically-based description of the information acquired from these clinical assessments. To achieve this examining research to gain an understanding of and determining why these two particular tests were chosen is necessary. The information gathered and looking at the critical elements of the results will lead to understanding Ms. Z's issues with mental health along with the proper steps that need to be taken for a positive outcome. Test and Assessment Development Analysis: Test One Analyzing and Interpreting Scores With the MMPI-2 an individual answers true, false, or cannot say to a series of 567 questions. The answers are scored on four validity scales which assess the client's general test-taking manner and if they answered truthful and accurately and ten clinical scales that measure ten major types of abnormal human behavior segmented into three general categories: Basic Scales, Supplemental Scales and Content Scales (MacCluskie, Toman, Welfel, 2002). The MMPI-2 is scored by translating raw scores into uniform T scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Characteristically, when a T score of 60 or greater on clinical scales do cause concern to the clinician, however T scores of 65 or greater are believed to be high and signify psychological distress or dysfunction (MacCluskie et al., 2002). Cultural Concerns Originally the MMPI was introduced in the 1940s and was used to diagnosis mental disorders but soon became a tool for evaluating personality because of its simplicity and wellestablished validity in measuring clinical symptoms and disorders it was used quite often (Kumar, 2015). Conversely, this test was void of the addition of culture, the standardization sample left out ethnic minorities, and was considered racially biased (Kumar, 2015). In the 1980's, revisions were made and the MMPI-2 was developed concentrating on a more culturally fitting version (e.g., translations in several languages, standardizing population norms, and revisiting items containing racial bias). However, it continued to have a shortage of diversity and assessment research. Consequently, literature is extremely limited by concentrating on culturally adjusted norms and language translation as a means of generating culturally proficient multicultural personality evaluations (Kumar, 2015). Ethical Issues Ethical issues with the MMPI-2 is vulnerable to a variety of biases related to self-judgement and self-consciousness of the questions if front of an assessor cited (Kumar, 2015). However, many psychometric methods have been developed to exclude such biases, researchers acknowledge the statement "personality is so personal' that biases are never easy to statistically control" (Kumar, 2015, p. 241). Methods of Interpreting and Communicating Results A computerized method yields the best results for scoring and interpreting data for the MMPI-2. If an individual attempt to hand score the MMPI-2 it is easier for clinicians to accidently miss one of the several categories and the results will be off (Cohen Swerdlik, 2017). Furthermore, it is labor intensive, while scoring with a computer, a clinician can decide how they would believe the results should read. "Computer output may range from a simple numerical and graphic presentation of scores to a highly detailed narrative report complete with analysis of scores on selected supplementary scales" (Cohen Swerdlik, 2017, p. 388). Test and Assessment Development Analysis: Test Two Analyzing and Interpreting Scores The results of the WAIS-IV there is an option of paper and pencil or have it scored through software computer program. An age-based conversion charts are provided for converting subtest raw scores to scaled scores, there is a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3 (Climie Rostad, 2011). A composite standard score is calculated by use of the scaled scores and is based on all 10 core subtests (FSIQ) in addition to the individual four indexes (VCI, PRI, WMI, PSI) which contain the respective core subtests with a composite score mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 (Climie Rostad, 2011). The Composite Score is the individuals IQ score, composite scores are interpreted as follows: Scores 130 and above are very superior scores 120-129 are considered superior and very superior scores 90-109 is reflected as average scores 80-89 are low average scores 70-79 are borderline scores 69 and lower are considered particularly

British petroleum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

British petroleum - Essay Example Some of the brands of the company are ARCO, Castrol, and Wild Bean Cafà ©. When companies show balance sheets for the group and for the company they are reporting the income of a subsidiary that is part of a parent company. The group balance sheet is the result of the entire company. The company is a subsidiary that reflects the result of a business segment of the firm. The financial statements of British Petroleum illustrated in its latest annual report only reflect the results of the group or the parent company. The assets minus liability equation can be interpreted as a liquidity ratio. A more specific evaluation of short term liquidity would occur by subtracting the current assets against the current liabilities. The accounting equation states that assets equal liabilities plus stockholders equity (Cliffnotes, 2012). The straight line method is calculated dividing cost minus salvage value by depreciation time. â€Å"The declining balance depreciation method uses the depreciable basis of an asset multiplied by a factor based on the life of the asset† (Assetaide, 2009). The use of an alternative method of depreciation such as double declining would increase the expenses of the company in the early years, thus the profitability of the company would be lower in the short term. Stewardship accounting refers to, â€Å"A traditional approach of accounting that places an obligation on stewards or agents, such as directors, to provide relevant and reliable financial information relating to resources over which they have control but which are owned by others, such as shareholders† (Williamson, 2002). There are several factors that affect the price of common stocks. The prices of stocks are influenced by the general state of the economy, the financial performance of a company as illustrated in its financial statements, and by political factors among other reasons. If I was a potential investor of British Petroleum I would be very satisfied with

The Cost of Higher Eduction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cost of Higher Eduction - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that the cost of the higher education in America has been escalating, and many people are wondering how they will have education for their children. The higher education in U.S is an ultimate optional stage of the formal learning after the secondary education. The educational institutions include the colleges, universities that are both private and public. The cost of higher education is known to be relatively cheaper for the public institutions compared to the private ones. The cost of the higher education has skyrocketed making the college and university education unaffordable. The level of unemployment has also been increasing, and the employed people are not getting any increment of their salaries, but the college tuition fee has been increasing in the public colleges. The cost of the education services from college tuition could be solely attributed to the fault of the institutions of higher learning with the administration being accus ed of the bloat compared to the reduced governmental funding. However, the facilities of higher education have tried to keep the expenditures and the tuition down. Many institutions do not try to inflate the costs of the education deliberately. When the ultimate projection is made the today's cost of the higher education may seem cheaper compared to the future costs. Still, the costs are rising at alarming rates that are faster than the inflation.

World War II and Civil Rights Movement Impact on Democracy

World War II and Civil Rights Movement Impact on Democracy According to president Franklin D. Roosevelt the future world shout be a world that people have essential human freedoms also known as the four freedoms; freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. The reason of the United States took part in the World War II was to fight for human’s freedoms to liberate humanity in Europe and Asia, and to spread the American democracy to the entire world. â€Å"A revolution which goes on steadily, quietly adjusting itself to changing conditions without the concentration camp or the quick –lime in the ditch† (Franklin D. Roosevelt 1941). However the war enhanced the commitment of many white Americans to maintain the existing racial order in the United States. The war also gave birth to the civil right movement. While we were fighting for the freedom of other nations there were still inequality exist in the United States. The World War II didn’t directly push forward the democracy in the United States; on the contrary it created many inequalities on non-white races during the World War II and post war that directly lead to the civil right movement. The civil right movement is a â€Å"war† that African-Americans against inequality in education, social rights, and human rights it given people the idea that the existing racial order in the united states was wrong, so the civil rights movement directly push forward the American democracy to a step forward. During the World War II many non-white American joined the army that fight for the United States. More than one million African Americans served in the armed forces. But those armed forces they served were segregated units and they only participated in noncombat tasks. After the war when these black veterans returned home they encountered that benefits such as GI bill were refuged to give them. The segregation of education was the most serious inequality that education benefit of black veterans could only be used at segregated school. These segregated schools were inferior schools with a bi-racial system. Moreover salary, training of teacher, and school facility and equipment were all not the same to the non-segregated schools. As a consequence the out come of education from these segregated school would be a huge different from the non-segregated school. There were also Asian Americans that served the World War II for the United States such as Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans. However Japanese Americans that served the war were in a special case. The attack of Pearl Harbor produced hatred of Japan also the fear of Japanese invasion from the west coast pushed president Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue an Executive order. In February 1942 authorities removed more than a hundred and ten thousand Japanese Americans into internment camps. A large majority of these people were American born Japanese that they didn’t even speak Japanese. These people didn’t committed any crime the only thing they did wrong was being an American. Some of male Japanese Americans were convinced to serve the military to show their loyalty to the United States. However according to president Franklin D. Roosevelt the four freedoms that all Americans shared, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear were n ot applied to Japanese Americans. The image that the United States actively promoted was a country that people of all races, religion, and originally from different countries will share freedom and equality all exceptions to Japanese Americans. The war was to fight for freedom but whose freedom, freedom people in Europe. However there were still inequalities in the United States why should these black solders fight for someone else’s freedom but not their freedom. â€Å"I would rather die for democracy here than in Germany† (Charles Wesley 1944). The war that fights for freedom and democracy should started at home, the United States where inequalities exists all the way in non-white Americans’ life. Otherwise how should the United States bring freedom and democracy to people in Europe at the same time the home were largely full of racial inequality. The civil right movement reached its climax when Rosa Parks refused to give her sit to a white man on a bus in Montgomery. The bus boycott launched the movement for racial justice which lead to the Supreme Court ruled the segregation in public transportation was unconstitutional. Earlier in the time the Supreme Court had already outlawed the racial segregation in public school however the decision of Supreme Court didn’t represent the thoughts of white-Americans lived in the South. In the South more than one hundred congressional men signed the document of against school desegregation, â€Å"The Southern Manifesto†. They stated that the 14th Amendment didn’t mention education nor did any other amendment. So the Supreme Court decision of school desegregation of different races was based on no legal base. The idea was not the thought of one congressmen but the whole that indicated all the whites lived in the south were against the school desegregation. This brought the civil movement to a deeper level that African Americans were not just fight for their freedom against the constitutional system in the United States but also the racial biases and racial order that existed on entire white-Americans race. Martin Luther King JR. was arrested with other marchers during marches against  racism  and  racial segregation  in  Birmingham. While in prison he wrote a letter to express his feelings toward the unjust events. Injustice should not be tolerated that the white power structure left the black community with no other choice. The demand of equal rights on non-white races should not be depended on anybody else but themselves. They must realize that equal rights should not be given by whites or the Congress, but they should actively pursue by themselves. Also it was crucial to let the white-Americans to realize that it was wrong to have the idea of racial order. No one was born to be slave or second class citizens. If equal rights such as equal education could bring to African Americans that they could be educated people as white-Americans. The only way that African American can achieve equal right among white Americans is that all African Americans must be unionize, directly fa ce the injustice, and â€Å"fight† against injustices. He and his fellow demonstrators were using nonviolent direct action in order to cause tension that would force the wider community to face the issue head on. King responded that without nonviolent forceful direct actions, true civil rights could never be achieved. This letter explains events in Birmingham in 1963 as well as in the rest of America and it demonstrates the approach King took through out the whole civil-rights movement of 1950s and 1960s. The World War II inspired the African Americans struggle for equality in the United States while the united states were still fight in the war to give people freedom in other country. The racial inequality posed a challenge to the United States that it conflict with the â€Å"American heritage of freedom†. In another word even thought the World War II didn’t have a positive effect on equal rights among races in United States but it sparked the civil right movement that African Americans battle the â€Å"war† of equal rights on there own demand. Again the World War II didn’t directly push the democracy in the United States to a step further but it leads to the civil right movement, which had a huge leap of the democracy to forward.

The Celtic Appreciation of Nature Essay -- essays research papers

The Celtic Appreciation of Nature In doing this assignment, I was looking forward to becoming more appreciative of nature, and all that it has to offer us, wanting a better understanding of it all. It seems that we take all of the beauty of our earth for granted, we are spoiled and it shows. In completing this practicum, I hoped to return to a state of mind where everything I see has beauty in it, like a baby seeing things for the first time, when everything is so fascinating, that touching it in complete awe is all I want to do. The Celtic appreciation of nature is what influenced the path I took with this day of reflection. The way they loved it as though it was their child, the way they respected it as though it was their mother, and even the way they feared it, as if it was their school principle (for lack of a better term). They held Mother Earth’s gifts in such high regard, and that is what, to me, is so wonderful about them. Throughout the day I told myself repetitively that, â€Å"The world was not created for us, but us for her.† I felt that personifying earth was more appropriate, considering it’s so alive with so many things that are, and possibly will forever be, unfathomable to us. This was my Lorica, I also wrote a poem that is at the end that meant a lot to me and reflects the way I felt while the sun was descending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I referred a lot to the Thomas Berry video, recognizing the fact that his feelings are another inspiration for this day. He too, feels that we are way to ungrateful of our natural surroundings, and that we should alter our ways to preserve what is left. I also used an internet article by Carl McColman titled, â€Å"Celtic Spirituality: an Interfaith Approach – What is Celtic Spirituality?† he also describes the Celtic Faith as being: â€Å"†¦earthy, natural, of the soil, of the clay. This is true whether your particular flavor of Celtic wisdom is Pagan, Christian, New Age, or some hybrid thereof. Celtic spirituality is the spirituality of land, sea, and sky; of the rocks and the trees and the animals; of holy wells and standing stones and windswept tors. The earth is our mother; we must take care of her . . . this is not only a native American sentiment, it is a truly Celtic sentiment as well.† (www.druid.org) I felt this was a wonderful statement, because it was what I was thinking the majority of the time ... ...beautiful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But through all this wonderful mental â€Å"working out,† I had one fear, the fear that sticks with me no matter where I go, the fear of failure. Whenever that thought crept into my mind, my body became so paralyzed with fear that I would get this immense sensation of being hot. I could feel my face turn a bright shade of crimson, and my eyes welled up with tears to the point that one time all I could do was break down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have to admit; coming into this assignment I was very apprehensive. It seemed really â€Å"out there† and a big waste of my time to sit alone for 5 hours straight. Even in the beginning, while I was there I was wary of it all. I almost had to laugh at myself at some points. But as my day carried on, I learned, felt, and absorbed so much, that now I feel ashamed for ever doubting it. And now I have this grasp of nature and spirituality as one common ground that I thought I would never have. I take the time to stop and think about if what I have been taught, or everything I believed to be true ever was. I question things instead of just accepting them. I go beyond the surface of everything in life now.

Global Warming Introduction Essay Essay

Many researchers, scientists, and environmentalists are expressing concerns about changes in the overall climate of the earth. Some believe that a dramatically dangerous warming is taking place in the overall global climate, a problem that is referred to as â€Å"global warming.† This paper will attempt to explore this very issue. Climate is defined as the analysis of accumulated weather data for long term patterns and trends. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines change as, â€Å"To make or become different.† Climate change is therefore defined as â€Å"long-term weather patterns and trends becoming different over an extended period of time.† For example, if the average temperature in Kalamazoo, Michigan over the 20th century is significantly higher or lower than the average temperature in Kalamazoo, Michigan over the 19th century, this would be an example of climate change. Changes in climate can result from both natural events and human activities. Examples of natural causes of climate change are volcanic eruptions, variations in the earth’s orbit around the sun, and variations in solar output (Ahrens, 485-491). Examples of human-induced causes of climate change include industrial pollutants and fossil fuels (Rhodes, 116), warming of average annual temperatures due to urbanization (Eichenlaub, 163), and changes in the earth’s albedo due to deforestation of tropical rainforests (Geiger, 320). Climate change in the context of this paper refers to changes that result from human activities, especially as these changes relate to the issue of global warming. Of special importance is the â€Å"greenhouse gas† effect which is defined as, â€Å"The trapping of thermal emissions from the earth’s surface by human-induced greenhouse gases† (He). If global warming is indeed happening, it is the greenhouse gas effect that is believ ed to be the most responsible. There are some scientists who do not believe that there is enough evidence to support the idea of global warming. They assert that concerns about global warming have been blown well out of proportion by the media. At the same time, other scientists assert that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that industrial activities, automobile emissions, and technological pollutants may eventually result in dangerous (and even deadly) trends in the overall global climate. This paper will attempt to address this concern by analyzing some of the scientific studies that have been published in major meteorology journals. Our atmosphere consists of many gases. Some of these gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, naturally absorb long-wave radiation that is emitted from the earth’s surface. Short-wave solar radiation enters the earth’s atmosphere and is absorbed by the earth’s surface. This radiation is then recycled and emitted as long wave terrestrial radiation. Gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb this radiation, hold it in the atmosphere, and keep the temperature of the earth warmer than it would otherwise be if there wasn’t an atmosphere. This is what meteorologists refer to as the â€Å"natural greenhouse effect† (Mower). Problems could potentially arise, however, when human activities add additional trace gases into the atmosphere that also absorb out-going long-wave radiation. These additional trace gases include methane, chlorofloro carbons, nitrous oxide, aerosols, ozone, and carbon dioxide. The result is an increase in the amount of long-wave radiation that is being trapped by the atmosphere. It is believed that this could eventually increase the average overall global temperature. Carbon dioxide â€Å"†¦is considered the trace gas of greatest importance because of the substantial increase in its atmospheric concentration as well as its probable continued rise due to global consumption of fossil fuels† (Rhodes, 116). It is clear from looking at the evidence that carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing dramatically in the atmosphere. Observations of carbon dioxide concentrations are available for several locations. Over the period of 1973 to 1982, the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in Barrow, Alaska rose steadily from 332.6 parts per million (ppm) to 342.8 parts per million (Geiger, 110-111). This is not isolated to Barrow, Alaska. Records from other locations, such as Mauna Loa in Hawaii, are confirming that carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing in the atmosphere at a dramatic rate. Continuous instrument records for atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations date back to the 1950’s at the Mauna Loa observatory (Michaels, 1564). In 1958, the average atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was only 316 parts per million (ppm). Preindustrial carbon dioxide concentrations are believed to be 279 parts per million (Michaels, 1564), and the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in 1990 was 353 parts per million (Rhodes, 116). However, as one author points out, the fact that we are dealing with significant changes in carbon dioxide does not automatically mean that we are looking at a serious problem (Lindzen, 288). This author points out that carbon dioxide is a † †¦minor atmospheric constituent and as such, its variations might not be notably impo rtant.† He goes on to say that there are a number of things that increasing levels of carbon dioxide could effect and influence, including in ways that are beneficial. For example, † †¦at altitudes of 25 km to 90 km, the atmosphere is cooled primarily by thermal radiation emitted to space by carbon dioxide. Increasing carbon dioxide should cool these regions, and this, in turn, should lead to increasing concentrations of ozone at these levels. Increasing carbon dioxide might also stimulate the growth of vegetation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lindzen, 288-289). While there are indeed some possible benefits to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, â€Å"†¦the main concerns have focused on the possibility that increasing carbon dioxide might significantly warm our climate† (Lindzen, 289). One author wrote that there is â€Å"†¦general agreement that increasing carbon dioxide will produce warming due to its ability to absorb in the infrared radiation† (Lindzen, 289). There are studies that have indicated that no significant change in the overall global climate has yet taken place. For example, a study that was done by P. W. Spencer and J. R. Christy, using temperature records from the period of 1979 through 1990, showed a global trend of only +0.04 degrees Celsius per decade (Michaels, 1566). Other studies showed that the Northern Hemisphere has had no significant warming, while the Southern Hemisphere has had a slight temperature increase in the order of 0.2 degrees Celsius since the 1950’s (Michaels, 1566). Patrick J. Michaels speculates that the reason that we have not seen a significant increase in temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere is because of the balancing effect of anthropogenerated sulfates going into the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Anthropogenerated sulfates have a cooling effect on the atmosphere because of their ability to reflect incoming solar radiation back to space. Michaels explains this in more d etail when he writes, â€Å"Because anthropogenerated sulfates are primarily produced and reside in the Northern Hemisphere, we may therefore be equaling the current enhanced greenhouse forcing †¦ with actual negative forcing in the hemisphere that contains most of the world’s population† (Michaels, 1573). This lead to the obvious question of whether or not the lack of a significant increase in global temperature should be taken as evidence that we should not be concerned about the issue. William W. Kellog of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado has written an article called â€Å"Response to Skeptics of Global Warming† in which he responds to many of the objections that have been raised against global warming. Kellog points out that â€Å"†¦five or so of the most advanced climate models, developed over a period of many years by top notch teams, have all come to essentially the same conclusion: The global average surface temperature would probably rise by about 2 to 5 K if the greenhouse gas concentration were maintained at double the pre-industrial revolution level† (Kellog, 500). Kellog suggests that the reason that we have not seen a change as of yet in the overall warming is because of a temperature lag of several decades â€Å"†¦due in large part to the large heat capacity of the oceans of the world† (Kellog, 500). He asserts that the evidence is still in favor of the fact that, sooner or later, a serious warming of the climate will occur. References Ahrens, C. Donald. Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment, 5th Edition. New York: West Publishing Company, 1995. Eichenlaub, Val L., Jay R. Haman, Fred V. Nurnberger, and Hans J. Stolle. The Climatic Atlas of Michigan. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, Indiana, 1990. Geiger, Rudolf, Robert H. Aron, Paul Todhunter. The Climate Near the Ground, 5th Edition. Braunschweig, Germany: Friedr, Veiweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995. He, Chansheng. Classroom notes presented verbally in Natural Resource Management, GEOG 555. Western Michigan University, winter 1999. Kellog, William W. â€Å"Response to Skeptics of Global Warming.† Bulletin American Meteorology Society. Volume 74, Number 4 (April 1991), pp. 499-511. Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford University Press: New York, 1980. Lindzen, Richard S. â€Å"Some Coolness Concerning Global Warming.† Bulletin American Meteorology Society. Volume 71, Number 3 (March 1990), pp. 288-299. Michaels, Patrick J. â€Å"Global Warming: A Reduced Threat?† Bulletin American Meteorology Society. Volume 73, Number 10 (October 1992), pp. 1563-1577. Mower, R. Neil. Classroom notes presented verbally in Physical Meteorology, ESC 530. Central Michigan University, autumn 1996. Rhodes, Steven L. â€Å"Climate and Environmental Degradation of the Great Lakes.† Journal of Environmental Systems. Volume 22, Number 2, pp. 105-122.

The Construction Industry Development Board - 1454 Words

1.0 Introduction Construction industry plays an important part as a stimulant in Malaysia’s economy. The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established as a government agency to facilitate and act as a catalyst to the development, is generally representing the construction industry to the government and the public. (Chan, 2009). According to Hiap (2012), the CIDB published a ten year Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP) towards the end of year 2007, the aim is to refocus the strategic position and charting the future direction of the industry. The construction industry is one of the highest contributing in country’s economy. This industry provides job opportunities to the people in different sector such as agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction and services. 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